Midterm Exam for 213 Sociology

Question 1

Shaw and McKay (early 1920s) found a relationship between:

		deviant acts and certain types of communities with high population densities and crowded housing conditions
		delinquency and certain areas in the city that manifest social disorganization and value conflict
		deviant acts and delinquency that culminates a process or series of stages that develops over a period of time
		All of the above

1 points  

Question 2

Control of white-collar and corporate crimes requires both criminal law and _____________ law.  Civil

1 points  

Question 3

Why are people in business occupations isolated from unfavorable definitions of illegal activity?

		mass-media reports treat conventional crimes with much more leniency than white collar crimes
		high-status occupations make offenders more open to criticism
		business people tend to associate with one another
		business organizational hierarchies are weak

1 points  

Question 4

Which of the following criminal justice players must often decide whether or not or how to assign to a type of correctional facility, award privileges, and punish for disciplinary infractions?

		Paroling authorities
		Prosecutors
		Judges or magistrates
		Correctional officials

0.5 points  

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the current societal reaction to conventional offenders?

		Reduced sentences and restorative justice
		Community-corrections programs and clean needle programs
		Shock probation for juveniles and increased penalties in general
		None of the above

1 points  

Question 6

What is the usual motive of white-collar criminals?

Money

0.5 points  

Question 7

White-collar criminals are similar to conventional criminals in terms of:

		level of sophistication
		self-concept
		the planning of the crime
		none of the above

1 points  

Question 8

Many federal offenses prosecuted under the label of "white-collar crime" are regulatory or public welfare offenses, rather than true crimes.

True

False

0.5 points  

Question 9

Which of the following is true regarding organized crime syndicates?

		They are easy to define.
		They easily flourish without active support from those in legitimate positions of power.
		They are as well organized and nationally powerful as many believe.
		They help keep members out of legal entanglements.
		All of the above

1 points  

Question 10

Tina is hungry without any money. She tells herself that she must steal in order to eat that day, and that in this case stealing is ok. She then goes into a convenience store and steals some food without feeling any guilt.  Tina's justification is a type of:

		tautology
		substantive justification
		rationalization
		neutralization

1 points  

Question 11

The strength of society's reaction to political offenses by groups and individuals against government depends on:

		the amount of government repression
		public acceptance of the government's authority
		public fear of government reprisal
		the political affiliation of the offender

1 points  

Question 12

When comparing rates of child abuse internationally, we find that the U.S. rate of abuse:

		is higher than in other countries
		international comparative studies have not been conducted
		is generally lower than in other countries
		are similar to those in other countries

1 points  

 

 

 

 

Question 13

Match the following:

ankle-biters -- C class cannon -- E Embezzlement -- G Enronization  -- B Fraud  -- I infiltration of legitimate businesses -- H inventory shrinkage  -- A employee theft --E Phreakers --D

A. business merchandise losses from illegal activities as well as honest, unintentional mistakes B. ability of corporate crime to victimize stockholders, workers, customers, and an entire region C. teenage hackers; web vandals D. computer users who find ways to obtain free telephone services without being billed E. professional pickpocket F. use of deception to acquire unlawful gain G. conversion of personal property of another by one who has acquired lawful possession with an intent to defraud the owner H. when criminals gain control through illegal threats and actions, or by investing large sums of money from illegitimate sources I. none of the above in column B

3 points  

Question 14

1. Which if the following is true concerning identity theft?

		The person who had his/her identity stolen will ultimately be liable for the loses incurred.
		A person's identity is more likely to be stolen by someone you know and not from organization employees.
		Every year there are about 500,000 to 700,000 cases of fraud, credit card crimes, and other high-tech crimes.
		All of the above are true.

1 points  

 

 

 

 

Question 15

1. Match the following:

- A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. corporate crimes -- F - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. NIBRS -- D - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. occasional offenders  - A - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. political crimes -- G - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. political offenders -H - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. professional offenders -K - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. Sherman Anti-Trust Act -J - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. technocrime -- E - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. UCR  -- I - A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. usury   -- C

A. normally terminate their law-breaking behavior after apprehension B. number of offenses for which at least one person has been arrested, charged with the commission of the offense, and turned over to the court for prosecution C. offering loans at interest rates far above the legal limit D. collection of 22 categories of crime, viewed along with all of its components, including type of victim, type of weapon used, location of crime, etc. E. use of computers, fax machines, cell phones, electronic surveillance, and new accounting technologies for committing corporate crime F. offenses committed by firms or industries G. crimes against and by the government H. more likely to come from middle class backgrounds I. collection of crime statistics and other law enforcement information published annually under the title Crime in the United States J. passed in 1895 as an attempt to prevent monopolies K. none of the above in column B

5 points (Extra Credit)  

Question 16

Molestation cases involving churches appear to be related to:

		the type of religion the church espouses
		the organizational features of religious institutions
		individual characteristics of clergy
		none of the above

1 points  

 

 

Question 17

Criminologists have suggested using __________ as a tool to get corporations to change their behavior.

Adverse publicity

1 points  

Question 18

1. Criminals:

		are almost all similar in how they identify with crime and other criminals
		have similar levels of commitment to crime as a behavior
		differ in the extent to which they progress in acquiring more sophisticated criminal norms and techniques
		are not a diverse group

1 points  

Question 19

Administrative courts, compared to criminal courts, often sanction behavior in order to:

		deter the offender from future violations
		to get offenders to terminate their illegal behavior
		nationalize the business
		extract the profits from a business and to set an example for other companies

1 points  

Question 20

The essence of common law is that it is based on

		English legal rules
		Principles shared by the people
		Contents of a constitution
		Court rulings

0.5 points  

 

 

 

Question 21

Of the different types of criminals outlined in the nonviolent crime chapter, "professional" criminals have the highest social status and the most effective skills.

True

False

1 points  

Question 22

1. According to anomie theory, ritualists ______ the culture goals of society while they ________ the institutionalized (appropriate) means to obtain the goals.

		reject/accept
		accept/accept
		accept/reject
		reject/reject

1 points  

Question 23

Vandalism is committed almost exclusively by young adults aged 19-23.

True

False

1 points  

Question 24

According to Coleman, which of the following is NOT a factor that helps explain white-collar crime?

		Motivation coming from a sense of business competition
		Culturally learned neutralizations
		The opportunity to commit crimes
		Peer pressures from similarly-ranked professionals

1 points  

 

 

Question 25

Crimes by government have received:

		weaker social reaction and weaker negative sanctions over time
		stronger social reaction but weaker negative sanctions over time
		weaker social reaction but increasingly powerful negative sanctions over time
		none of the above

1 points  

Question 26

The most effective laws:

		were made between the 1930s and the 1950s
		reflect social consensus that certain problems require legal intervention
		are those the state can enforce
		are those that violate the moral sentiments of a large number of people

1 points  

Question 27

People are considered deviant:

		if they behave differently than most people
		if they engage in deviant acts
		if they come to adopt social roles identified with deviance
		only when they break the law

1 points  

Question 28

One of the oldest ways to deter cyber crimes, including hacking, is using the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to make an exact copy of the quantum state of a photon.

True

False

0.5 points  

 

 

Question 29

Which mode of adaptation commonly leads to delinquency and crime?

Retreatism

1 points (Extra Credit)  

Question 30

Which of the following is true of white-collar offenders?

		They have extensive juvenile records and court appearances.
		They do not have extensive adult criminal records.
		They do have experiences with other criminals.
		All of the above

1 points  

Question 31

Members of organized crime syndicates:

		usually weren't criminals until adulthood
		became members largely because of opportunity (not all that want to join are able to do so)
		did not lead conventional criminal lives prior to becoming members
		all of the above

1 points  

Question 32

The development of a criminal self-concept can often lead to:

		higher self-esteem and successful crimes become more common
		higher levels of self-efficacy coupled with lower levels of self-esteem
		positive attitudes about crime and a steady reduction of depressive symptoms
		a fatalistic attitude about crime and a cycle of defeatism

1 points  

Question 33

Conventional offenders do not tend to specialize in their criminal offenses.

True

False

1 points  

Question 34

About 20% of all people arrested for felonies eventually end up in prison.

True

False

1 points  

Question 35

Fred and Rasputen would be considered deviant according to the _______ definition of deviance even though they have never used curse-words, have never drunken alcohol, and have never engaged in pre-marital sex.

		reactivist
		normative
		absolutist
		statistical

1 points  

Question 36

Computer crimes:

		are now easily detected and reported to authorities
		are easily detected but are rarely reported to authorities because of adverse publicity
		are not easily detected, but are often reported to authorities when detected
		are not easily detected and fewer still are reported to authorities

1 points  

Question 37

According to a Pew Study, published in February 2008, approximately Blank 1 in Blank 2 Americans are in prison.  (e.g., 999)

1 points  

one in 100

 

 

Question 38

More recent, better designed and executed studies on the biological effects on deviant behavior and crime find that:

		biological factors have an overwhelming effect on many different types of crime, but not all of them
		genes play as strong a role as parents in a child's antisocial behavior
		biological factors are the most important predictors of crime and deviance
		None of the above
		there is a weak relationship or no relationship between biological factors and crime

1 points  

Question 39

Elite deviance -- in all its forms -- now constitutes a major social problem for American society, as explored in Chapter 7, and much of the world as well.  The recent collapse of Blank 1 became a symbol of the Blank 2's end.

 

1 points  

Question 40

1. Conventional criminals:

		tend to specialize, committing only one kind of offense over time
		fit the stereotype of a serious criminal shared by most people
		come from suburban areas rather than inner cities
		begin their criminal careers alone rather than in gangs or other delinquent groups

1 points  

Question 41

Johnny is dared by some of his friends to steal a candy bar from the store.  He has never stolen before, and doesn't see himself as a thief. Because he wants acceptance from his friends, he takes the candy bar.  He isn't caught and doesn't steal again.  What kind of deviance would a labeling theorist say he engaged in?

		intermediary
		tertiary
		primary
		secondary

1 points  

 

Question 42

Within the FBI definition, there is no mention of the type of occupation or the socioeconomic position of the "white-collar" offender.

True

False

0.5 points  

Question 43

White-collar crimes could be committed by just about anyone.

True

False

1 points  

Question 44

The cost of pirated and counterfeit goods has been estimated at $520 million dollars a year for U.S. manufacturers.

True

False

0.5 points  

Question 45

According to Professor Hyman, the example he gave concerning hitting Johnny explained ___________.  In summary, what he was saying was that human actions and either through pleasurable (hedonic) incentives or through punishment, direct individuals to desirable activities.

Hedonic Calculus

0.5 points  

 

 

Question 46

What are the positive and negative affects of globalization on the U.S.?

		For suppliers, even though costs are a little higher, you still have the availability of products from all over the world.
		Because of accessibility, it may mean exploitation and dispossessed workers, and downsizing of organizations.
		Globalization is providing less both inequality and environmental degradation.
		All of the above

1 points  

Question 47

Which of the following is NOT a measure used to reduce future incidences of white-collar and corporate crime?

		Public education
		Developing stronger business ethic
		Legislation
		Governmental auditing

1 points  

Question 48

Which of the following is a false statement?

		Behaviors prohibited only for minors are called status offenses.
		People who commit assault typically compile longer records of offenses than other criminals.
		A recent study of Georgia inmates reports that most sexual contact in prison is consensual.
		Statistical evidence characterizes most rapes as unexpected, explosive events.

1 points  

Question 49

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons mentioned in the textbook for the rising prison population?

		Laws have increasingly set determinate sentencing requirements.
		Many jurisdictions have increased the severity of penalties for many crimes.
		Illegal immigration increases have led to a spike in crime rates.
		Legislators have imposed mandatory prison sentences for increasing numbers of crimes upon conviction.

1 points  

Question 50

Which of the following is true about the enforcement of computer crime law?

		The federal Computer Fraud and Abuse Act created a felony offense for computer-based fraud and theft not covered by state laws.
		Police, not whistleblowers, tend to bring computer crimes to light.
		Police officers have received enhanced training on detecting and solving computer crimes.
		Enforcement of computer crimes is no longer sporadic.

1 points  

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a condition Cressey mentioned where trusted people embezzle funds from the company they work for?

		They were able to get help from other employees and share the money with them.
		They faced an unshareable financial problem.
		They recognized the chance to solve a financial problem by violating their position of financial trust.
		They developed suitable rationalizations for embezzling to resolve their self-conceptions as trusted people.

1 points  

Question 52

Billy likes to pirate software by copying and distributing unauthorized copyrighted material.  What kind of computer user is Billy?

		hacker
		cracker
		phreaker
		Warez d00d

1 points  

Question 53

Primary deviance in juveniles can lead to Blank 1 degradation ceremonies, leading to labeling and then to secondary deviance, deviance that is the result of being labeled.  To avoid this deviance, juvenile acts should have Blank 2, due process, and deinstitutionalization.

Status

Diversion

1 points  

 

Question 54

Compared to occasional offenders, conventional offenders:

		are less violent
		are far less likely to be employed
		are less likely to carry weapons
		are more likely to have been gang members during adolescence