1. Each of the following statements is correct about gangs, EXCEPT:
A. there is national information on the characteristics of gangs.
B. the definition of a gang has not been firmly established.
C. researchers not perceived to be working for the government are best able to gather gang membership information.
D. estimates of gang crime are subject to considerable error.
2. A key element in distinguishing youth gangs from other youth groups is:
A. serious and sustained criminal activity.
B. socioeconomic status of the youth.
C. job titles of the youths' parents.
D. size.
3. Until very recently, there has been exceedingly little gang-focused literature of a psychological nature because:
A. gangs were considered too dangerous to study and analyze.
B. gangs were typically considered a sociological phenomenon in criminology.
C. there wasn't enough evidence that gangs existed.
D. gangs were considered a throwback to primitive man roaming the herds.
4. According to Thrasher, what is the root of gang delinquency?
A. Faulty social controls
B. Excessively close parental supervision
C. Overly strict fathers in the family
D. Desire for social acceptance in rural areas
5. Theories of gang delinquency that consider delinquent gang members to be outcasts and socially inept adolescents have been called:
A. models of ineptitude.
B. infrahuman models.
C. models of predation.
D. social disability models.
6. The primary means of financial support for gangs, both adult and juvenile, is:
A. prostitution.
B. sales of firearms and other weapons.
C. drug trafficking.
D. currency counterfeiting.
7. According to the Maxson-Klein typology, a gang that is often very territorial and has been in existence less than 10 years is the __________ gang.
A. traditional
B. compressed
C. collective
D. neotraditional
8. According to Campbell, the purpose of girl gang membership was:
A. companionship and security.
B. to be with other overly aggressive girls.
C. to compete successfully with boy gangs.
D. to befriend excessively violent girls like themselves.
9. The most common type of gang in the United States is the:
A. compressed.
B. specialty.
C. collective.
D. neotraditional.
10. There are three broad hypotheses to explain why youths join gangs; which hypothesis is compatible with social learning theories?
A. Loose band hypothesis
B. Enhancement hypothesis
C. Selection hypothesis
D. Social facilitation hypothesis
11. Shaw and McKay's (1931) research supported what important finding of gang membership?
A. Gangs directly caused illegal behavior.
B. Gangs provided a means of obtaining valued aspects of mainstream society.
C. Gangs were often the result of a strong ethnic subculture.
D. Gangs were often characterized by a cohesive group.
12. During the 1990s, it was estimated that more than 50 percent of the homicides in both of these cities were gang related.
A. Pittsburgh and Philadelphia
B. New York and Dallas
C. Los Angeles and Chicago
D. Vancouver and Los Angeles
13. __________ have more homogenous ethnic gang compositions while __________ have more heterogeneous gang compositions.
A. Smaller cities; larger cities
B. Larger cities; smaller cities
C. Rural areas; urban areas
D. Exurbs; suburbs
14. Campbell's 1984 book The Girls in the Gang described female gang members as:
A. violent.
B. independent and rejecting traditional values.
C. socially conservative, with traditional values.
D. goal-oriented.
15. Compared to nongang homicides, homicides by gang members are more likely to:
A. involve a single participant.
B. occur in a discreet location.
C. be directed at other gang members they know.
D. be carried out via drive-by shootings.
16. Question 16 of 20
5.0 Points
Why are guns so important to gang members?
A. They provide protection.
B. They create respect.
C. They enhance one's reputation.
D. All of the above
17. Question 17 of 20
5.0 Points
A "super predator":
A. is similar to an adolescent limited offender.
B. often has a close and supportive family.
C. is a sensational term that adds little to our knowledge of juvenile crime.
D. rarely commits violent crime.
18. Question 18 of 20
5.0 Points
The hypothesis that views gang entry as the next developmental step for already violent youth is the __________ hypothesis.
A. selection
B. social facilitation
C. enhancement
D. neotraditional
19. Question 19 of 20
5.0 Points
Studies suggest that early association with deviant peers is especially prevalent among youth from which family situation?
A. Little parental supervision or monitoring
B. Single parent
C. At least one domineering parent
D. At least one alcoholic parent
20. Question 20 of 20
Most studies of gang membership show that gang involvement begins around age __________ and increases up to age __________.
A. 13; 18
B. 9; 16
C. 10; 14
D. 12; 20
A. there is national information on the characteristics of gangs.
B. the definition of a gang has not been firmly established.
C. researchers not perceived to be working for the government are best able to gather gang membership information.
D. estimates of gang crime are subject to considerable error.
2. A key element in distinguishing youth gangs from other youth groups is:
A. serious and sustained criminal activity.
B. socioeconomic status of the youth.
C. job titles of the youths' parents.
D. size.
3. Until very recently, there has been exceedingly little gang-focused literature of a psychological nature because:
A. gangs were considered too dangerous to study and analyze.
B. gangs were typically considered a sociological phenomenon in criminology.
C. there wasn't enough evidence that gangs existed.
D. gangs were considered a throwback to primitive man roaming the herds.
4. According to Thrasher, what is the root of gang delinquency?
A. Faulty social controls
B. Excessively close parental supervision
C. Overly strict fathers in the family
D. Desire for social acceptance in rural areas
5. Theories of gang delinquency that consider delinquent gang members to be outcasts and socially inept adolescents have been called:
A. models of ineptitude.
B. infrahuman models.
C. models of predation.
D. social disability models.
6. The primary means of financial support for gangs, both adult and juvenile, is:
A. prostitution.
B. sales of firearms and other weapons.
C. drug trafficking.
D. currency counterfeiting.
7. According to the Maxson-Klein typology, a gang that is often very territorial and has been in existence less than 10 years is the __________ gang.
A. traditional
B. compressed
C. collective
D. neotraditional
8. According to Campbell, the purpose of girl gang membership was:
A. companionship and security.
B. to be with other overly aggressive girls.
C. to compete successfully with boy gangs.
D. to befriend excessively violent girls like themselves.
9. The most common type of gang in the United States is the:
A. compressed.
B. specialty.
C. collective.
D. neotraditional.
10. There are three broad hypotheses to explain why youths join gangs; which hypothesis is compatible with social learning theories?
A. Loose band hypothesis
B. Enhancement hypothesis
C. Selection hypothesis
D. Social facilitation hypothesis
11. Shaw and McKay's (1931) research supported what important finding of gang membership?
A. Gangs directly caused illegal behavior.
B. Gangs provided a means of obtaining valued aspects of mainstream society.
C. Gangs were often the result of a strong ethnic subculture.
D. Gangs were often characterized by a cohesive group.
12. During the 1990s, it was estimated that more than 50 percent of the homicides in both of these cities were gang related.
A. Pittsburgh and Philadelphia
B. New York and Dallas
C. Los Angeles and Chicago
D. Vancouver and Los Angeles
13. __________ have more homogenous ethnic gang compositions while __________ have more heterogeneous gang compositions.
A. Smaller cities; larger cities
B. Larger cities; smaller cities
C. Rural areas; urban areas
D. Exurbs; suburbs
14. Campbell's 1984 book The Girls in the Gang described female gang members as:
A. violent.
B. independent and rejecting traditional values.
C. socially conservative, with traditional values.
D. goal-oriented.
15. Compared to nongang homicides, homicides by gang members are more likely to:
A. involve a single participant.
B. occur in a discreet location.
C. be directed at other gang members they know.
D. be carried out via drive-by shootings.
16. Question 16 of 20
5.0 Points
Why are guns so important to gang members?
A. They provide protection.
B. They create respect.
C. They enhance one's reputation.
D. All of the above
17. Question 17 of 20
5.0 Points
A "super predator":
A. is similar to an adolescent limited offender.
B. often has a close and supportive family.
C. is a sensational term that adds little to our knowledge of juvenile crime.
D. rarely commits violent crime.
18. Question 18 of 20
5.0 Points
The hypothesis that views gang entry as the next developmental step for already violent youth is the __________ hypothesis.
A. selection
B. social facilitation
C. enhancement
D. neotraditional
19. Question 19 of 20
5.0 Points
Studies suggest that early association with deviant peers is especially prevalent among youth from which family situation?
A. Little parental supervision or monitoring
B. Single parent
C. At least one domineering parent
D. At least one alcoholic parent
20. Question 20 of 20
Most studies of gang membership show that gang involvement begins around age __________ and increases up to age __________.
A. 13; 18
B. 9; 16
C. 10; 14
D. 12; 20
