QUESTION 1
1. Which of the following variables best explains violence?
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| Race | |
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| Gang affiliation | |
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| Differential power | |
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| Alcohol or other drugs |
0.5 points
QUESTION 2
1. Joe has lost all hope of getting rich even though he has tried to work hard. Out of frustration he turns to alcohol and other drugs and essentially withdraws from society. Joe has adapted to anomie by which method?
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| Ritualism | |
|
| Innovation | |
|
| Rebellion | |
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| None of the above |
0.5 points
QUESTION 3
1. Murders among the middle class are more likely to include:
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| personal gain | |
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| alcohol | |
|
| pre-meditation | |
|
| commitment | |
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| All of the above |
0.5 points
QUESTION 4
1. According to anomie theory, ritualists ______ the culture goals of society while they ________ the institutionalized (appropriate) means to obtain the goals.
|
| reject/accept | |
|
| accept/reject | |
|
| reject/reject | |
|
| accept/accept |
0.5 points
QUESTION 5
1. Sociologists can apply no universal standard for judging cases of child abuse and neglect.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 6
1. Sutherland's differential association theory argued:
|
| that differential associations vary in frequency and duration but not priority | |
|
| that nondeviant and deviant behaviors express the same needs and values | |
|
| that the learning of deviant behavior involves different ways of learning than learning normative behaviors | |
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| All of the above |
0.5 points
QUESTION 7
1. Which of the following is NOT a reason why rape victims may not report the crime to the police?
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| Victims sometimes must deny implications that they consented by either resisting too weakly or by leading on their assailant. | |
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| A victim often encounters a strong stigma, even within her own family. | |
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| Rape victims have faced embarrassing questioning by the police and prosecutors to verify details of crimes. | |
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| All of the above are reasons why rape is underreported |
0.5 points
QUESTION 8
1. Ejaculation is not required to prove rape.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 9
1. Of the four stages that lead one to be a violent offender, which one involves experiencing physical coercion to submit to authority?
Brutalization
0.5 points
QUESTION 10
1. According to Widom, early experiences of child abuse:
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| have no effect on the likelihood of abusing later as an adult | |
|
| constitute a risk factor in later violent behavior | |
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| lead directly to abusing later as an adult | |
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| guarantee future abuse of children, but not of one's spouse |
0.5 points
QUESTION 11
1. The requirement that the individual must have committed an intentional or criminally negligent (reckless) act or inaction that resulted/causes harm (the deed of a crime): Requirement of Culpability.
0.5 points
QUESTION 12
1. The gay community has been instrumental in prison reform for gays who enter the criminal justice system.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 13
1. Johnny is dared by some of his friends to steal a candy bar from the store. He has never stolen before, and doesn't see himself as a thief. Because he wants acceptance from his friends, he takes the candy bar. He isn't caught and doesn't steal again. What kind of deviance would a labeling theorist say he engaged in?
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| primary | |
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| secondary | |
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| tertiary | |
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| intermediary |
0.5 points
QUESTION 14
1. What is a crime?
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| it's an act or event | |
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| it's committed in violation of criminal law | |
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| it warrants penalty (fine, imprisonment, or both) by the state | |
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| All of the above |
0.5 points
QUESTION 15
1. Certain crimes are considered bad in themselves, such as rape and murder and robbery. The term lawyers like to use for "bad in themselves" is mala in se
QUESTION 16
1. Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that low-self control is the major cause of deviant behaviors.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 17
1. Which of the following is a false statement?
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| In the United States, homicide rates are highest in the South and in Latin American and African countries, homicide rates are high as well. | |
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| Most murders display the weakest identification of all offenders with sociological standards for criminality. | |
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| Homicide is individualistic behavior and shows certain structures/patterns in particular societies. | |
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| Because researchers expect that the police eventually learn of most murders, they have reliable information on assaults, especially the aggravated kind. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 18
1. Which of the following is false regarding prison sex, according to Parsell?
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| The term "sisters" is applied to all those who engage in prison sex. | |
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| Rapes are perpetrated by self-identified heterosexuals. | |
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| Manhood, masculinity, and femininity are important concepts in relation to sex in prison, including being "turned out." | |
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| Studies conducted of prison rape report that gay men are 4 times more likely to be victimized; this figure, in reality, is close to 100%. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 19
1. Conflict theories give detailed information about the process by which an individual comes to commit crimes or becomes a deviant.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 20
1. Theories of deviance, just like other theories, can be proven only after obtaining empirical evidence (variables observed and meseasured) during the research process.
True
False
0.5 points (Extra Credit)
QUESTION 21
1. The word "homicide" means to kill someone illegally.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 22
1. Which of the following is a false statement regarding people, in general, who commit assault?
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| cause victims to experience considerable psychological injury | |
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| don't usually progress to homicide | |
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| may experience punishments ranging from periods of probation and other alternatives to incarceration | |
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| may likely repeat this kind of crime | |
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| typically compile longer records of offenses than other criminals | |
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| All of the above are true statements regarding people who commit assult. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 23
1. Kitsuse suggested that some deviants rebel against their labels and attempt to reaffirm their self-worth by joining social movements to combat negative images. This is called what type of deviance? Constructive Deviance
0.5 points
QUESTION 24
1. Control theorists believe that deviance results from the absence of social control or restraint.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 25
1. Which theories of deviance are more interested in the etiology of deviance than the epidemiology of deviance?
|
| structural | |
|
| processual | |
|
| contextual | |
|
| conventional |
0.5 points
QUESTION 26
1. Of the following four sociological explanations for rape, which one did not garner any empirical support in Baron and Straus's study?
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| rape represents an extension of legitimate violence in society | |
|
| rape varies with the degree of gender inequality | |
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| rape results in part from depictions of women as sexual objects in pornography | |
|
| rape results from value conflicts in the larger society |
0.5 points
QUESTION 27
1. When discussing types of criminals, it is most helpful to classify them based on the categories of legal offenses that describe their behavior.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 28
1. Jill and Hillary are prostitutes who joined an advocacy group fighting for the legalization of prostitution. They wish that prostitution were no longer considered deviant. What kind of deviance are they engaging in?
|
| primary | |
|
| tertiary | |
|
| secondary | |
|
| intermediary |
0.5 points
QUESTION 29
1. Personal violence in urban areas is highest among young age groups and males. In the United States, what age group shows much higher homicide rates than any other group?
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| 14-17 | |
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| 15-24 | |
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| 18-24 | |
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| None of the above |
0.5 points
QUESTION 30
1. ______ argued that failure to achieve legitimate goals is only one way one can experience anomie. One could also experience strain from removing positive stimuli or applying negative stimuli
Agnew
0.5 points
QUESTION 31
1. According to the critics of conflict theories:
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| conflict theorists ignore the socialization process | |
|
| U.S. residents don't agree about the illegal character and seriousness of acts such as homicide, robbery, and assault | |
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| members of the lower classes are not any more likely to go to prison than members of the middle class | |
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| there is strong evidence that the law itself can cause criminal behavior |
0.5 points
QUESTION 32
1. The recognized criminal states of mind are intentionally, , recklessly, and .Knowingly
0.5 points
QUESTION 33
1. According to the Stanford Rape Education Project:
|
| one in three female students has been raped | |
|
| nearly half of all female students have been raped | |
|
| around 40% of male students have been raped | |
|
| college students are rarely if ever raped |
0.5 points
QUESTION 34
1. __________ generally refers to acts for which the offender is not held personally accountable (which would, for example, include crimes committed by the mentally ill). However, this also extends to individuals and groups who have certain ascribed forms of deviance; that is, they are given deviant status on the basis of certain characteristics. Examples in our society might include – at different times – homosexuals, the mentally ill and the physically disabled.
Non-culpable
0.5 points (Extra Credit)
QUESTION 35
1. Sarah is from a poor neighborhood where jobs are scarce. She wants to acquire material possessions that she cannot afford, so she becomes a prostitute in order to earn some tax-free cash and buy those possessions she wishes she could have, even though what she does is illegal. Sarah is adapting to anomie in what way?
|
| Innovation | |
|
| Ritualism | |
|
| Rebellion | |
|
| None of the above |
0.5 points
QUESTION 36
1. An educated guess is called a . It's tested and the results are compared to the asserted.
Hypothesis
0.5 points (Extra Credit)
QUESTION 37
1. When a labeled individual becomes a secondary deviant and has a deviant self-concept, his deviant status, according to labeling theorists, would be his _______ status.
0.5 points
QUESTION 38
1. An anomie theorist would concur with which of the following statements?
|
| Individuals become deviant even though our social structure does not promote it in any way. | |
|
| Modern industrial societies fail to promote status goals like the acquisition of material possessions even though everyone has the opportunity to achieve those goals. | |
|
| Anomie develops because culturally valued goals and the legitimate means to obtain those goals are equally emphasized. | |
|
| Our social structure can provide opportunities to achieve the American Dream only to a few people. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 39
1. A late 1960s study in the Philadelphia correctional system found that almost _____ percent of male inmates that had passed through the system had been raped.
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| 10 | |
|
| 3 | |
|
| 38 | |
|
| None of the above |
0.5 points
QUESTION 40
1. Which of the following is an assumption of control theory?
|
| Increases in formal social controls actually increase deviance | |
|
| Why people become deviant is the most important question in the study of deviance | |
|
| Humans are naturally egocentric and human nature is on the bad side of a neutral position | |
|
| The principles of psychoanalysis are useless for studying deviance |
0.5 points
QUESTION 41
1. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor or family characteristic that contributes to child abuse?
|
| Grandparent is primary guardian | |
|
| Family size | |
|
| Income | |
|
| Single-parent households |
0.5 points
QUESTION 42
1. According to learning theorists, people learn deviance through different mechanisms than they learn conformity.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 43
1. When comparing rates of child abuse internationally, we find that the U.S. rate of abuse:
|
| is higher than in other countries | |
|
| is generally lower than in other countries | |
|
| are similar to those in other countries | |
|
| international comparative studies have not been conducted |
0.5 points
QUESTION 44
1. Which modes of adaptation commonly leads to deviance and crime?
Innovation
0.5 points (Extra Credit)
QUESTION 45
1. Labeling theorists argue that one can understand the concept of deviance only by:
|
| figuring out why someone commits a deviant act in the first place | |
|
| examining sociologically important topics such as social disorganization and anomie | |
|
| asking deviant people why they do what they do | |
|
| examining the reactions of others to behavior |
0.5 points
QUESTION 46
1. The "square of crime" advocated by left realists include these components: offenders, victims, business interests, and public opinion.
True
False
0.5 points
QUESTION 47
1. Men who had committed assaults reported that most of the assaultive episodes resulted from a series of precipitating conditions known as __________. Autonomy transgressions
0.5 points
QUESTION 48
1. More than half of murder offenders and victims:
|
| are strangers | |
|
| are intimate with one another (married, cohabitating, dating) | |
|
| more than half are not in any one category | |
|
| are acquaintances (friends, neighbors, causal acquaintances) |
0.5 points
QUESTION 49
1. Which of the following would be asserted by a conflict theorist?
|
| Crime is inherent, not a socially constructed category. | |
|
| Those in power create laws that protect and promote their interests. | |
|
| The interests of all interested parties are taken into account by lawmakers. | |
|
| Society is not pluralistic and power is evenly distributed in society, creating conflict. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 50
1. Which of the following would be considered a part of the sociological conception of crime?
|
| Behaviors that violate a specific criminal statute, such as robbery. | |
|
| Violations of regulatory law created by agencies of the federal government such as the Federal Trade Commission. | |
|
| Odd behavior on city streets and elevators, which may not be considered against the law of a government, but still disrupt social order. | |
|
| Both a and b | |
|
| Both b and c |
0.5 points
QUESTION 51
1. Anomie theory has been criticized because:
|
| deviance is not a relative concept and anomie theory assumes that it is | |
|
| anomie theory assumes that deviance is concentrated in the lower classes | |
|
| most deviant acts come out of personal frustration, not interaction with others as anomie theorists claim | |
|
| research finds that success goals are the only reason why people become alcoholics and drug addicts |
0.5 points
QUESTION 52
1. Which of the following statements is true?
|
| The U.S. homicide rate is lower than the international rate. | |
|
| Rates of violence have been increasing in the United States. | |
|
| Offenders and victims of violent crimes tend to come from different social backgrounds. | |
|
| Most violent crimes are committed by regularly violent career criminals. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 53
1. Which of the following is NOT a recent legal reform for rape cases?
|
| Shield laws that prevent publication of victims' names. | |
|
| Many states have increased the requirements for corroboration by others of rape victims' testimony. | |
|
| Many states have expanded rape limits to include any nonconsensual sexual behavior and not just intercourse. | |
|
| The number of special units in police departments dealing with rape cases has increased. |
0.5 points
QUESTION 54
1. What's the central question from the feminist's perspective?
|
| How does gender shape people's social experience? | |
|
| How is domestic violence and gender distributed among society's social structure? | |
|
| How is rape a tool used in society to keep a woman in her place? | |
|
| All of the above |
0.5 points (Extra Credit)
QUESTION 55
1. Which of the following is NOT an argument of Sutherland's differential association theory?
|
| the behavior that deviants learn include techniques of deviance and the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes that characterize particular forms of deviance | |
|
| the primary learning of deviant behavior occurs within emotionally distant formal groups | |
|
| deviants learn their behaviors through interaction with others | |
|
| a person becomes deviant because definitions that favor violating norms excess definitions that favor conformity |
0.5 points
