1
The group in an experiment that receives all of the conditions of the experiment, including the variable(s) that are being studied, is the __________.
experimental group
variable group
control group
biased group
CONCEPT
2
When a scientist who is conducting research intentionally or unintentionally affects the results of that research, this is called which of the following?
Sampling error
Placebo effect
Researcher bias
Negative correlation
CONCEPT
Predicting and Controlling Research
3
Variables that occur as a result of an experiment are called __________ variables.
independent
dependent
controlled
CONCEPT
4
The results of the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated which of the following?
The power that authority can have on people
That prison is an effective form of punishment
That prison is an ineffective form of punishment
The power an environment can have on people
CONCEPT
5
Every time that Nate brings in aluminum cans to be recycled, he gets paid.
Being paid for bringing in the cans is a(n) __________.
stimulus
consequence
reflex
antecedent
CONCEPT
6
Which of the following terms is applied to instances in which a learned response is remembered after it was thought to have been forgotten?
Spontaneous recovery
Stimulus generalization
Stimulus discrimination
Extinction
CONCEPT
7
Which of the following are reinforcers that are inherently rewarding, and do not need to be learned as "enjoyable?"
Social reinforcers
Tertiary reinforcers
Secondary reinforcers
Primary reinforcers
CONCEPT
Operant Conditioning: Primary and Secondary
8
The scientific method requires the use of information that is based on observation or experimentation.
This type of information is called which of the following?
Empirical evidence
Qualitative evidence
Correlational evidence
Critical thinking
CONCEPT
Critical Thinking & The Scientific Method
9
A __________ ratio schedule is one in which a reinforcer is given after a certain number of correct responses.
interval
variable
positive
fixed
CONCEPT
Operant Conditioning: Schedules of Reinforcement
10
The process of progressively changing a response by rewarding a similar behavior, then adjusting it to achieve the desired behavior, is called __________.
operant extinction
response chaining
shaping
feedback
CONCEPT
The Basics of Operant Conditioning
11
A consequence that is received by a subject as a result of a behavior, and which increases the likelihood of him or her repeating that behavior, is called which of the following?
Negative punishment
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement
CONCEPT
Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement and Punishment
12
Since the placebo effect can change the results of an experiment, subjects are sometimes assigned to groups without knowing which group is being exposed to the variable.
This type of experiment is called a __________.
clinical experiment
double blind experiment
conditional observation
naturalistic observation
CONCEPT
13
Which of the following sections of a scholarly research article can be found at the beginning of the article, and identifies the variables that were studied?
Discussion
References
Abstract
Introduction
CONCEPT
14
Research that uses written or oral questions to collect a large amount of information about a psychological phenomenon is called a __________.
case study
survey
correlational study
naturalistic observation
CONCEPT
15
A prediction about the relationship between two events or variables is called a(n) __________.
law
hypothesis
theory
assessment
CONCEPT
16
A relationship between two variables, in which the values of the variables proceed in opposite directions (e.g., as one increases, the other decreases), is called which of the following?
Causation
Position correlation
Negative correlation
Secondary reinforcement
CONCEPT
17
This method of research, in which psychological processes are compared or contrasted in non-human subjects, is used in comparative psychology.
Which of the following best fits this description?
Animal method
Basic research
Applied research
Ethical research
CONCEPT
18
Which group of subjects do researchers try to avoid including in psychological studies?
A random sample
A biased sample
A representative sample
A stratified sample
